抗感染药物概略
(一)细菌分类:现将细菌分成以下几类,并拟出其用药大原则:
1、G+菌:例如上感、青壮年肺炎。普通的用头孢一代二代、阿奇就可以搞定了。恐怖菌代表是:MRSA(耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌),此种要用到最顶级的万古霉素、替考拉丁、利奈唑胺才能搞定。
2、G-菌:例如医院获得肺炎、肠道感染、女性泌尿系感染。普通的用头孢三代和/或喹诺酮就可以搞定了。恐怖菌代表:铜绿假单胞菌(选药:舒普深、泰能、美平、特治星、环丙沙星、马斯平)、肺炎克雷伯菌(选药:碳青酶烯类:泰能、美平)、鲍曼不动杆菌(选药:泰能、美平,省钱方案或尝试:舒普深+丁胺卡那)。
3、厌氧菌:一般消化系统的的胆道感染、幽门螺杆菌感染会用到;妇科感染也常。甲硝唑、替硝唑、克林霉素。
4、支原体:儿科的支原体肺炎常用:阿奇霉素
5、立克次体:内科的恙虫病必用多西环素(强力霉素)。
6、其他杂菌:可考虑喹诺酮或阿奇来解决。
(二)抗菌药物分类及其抗菌谱、常用药物:
1、青霉素类:
(1)青霉素:对G+菌、G-球菌有效,我感觉,现在估计只有急性肾炎、恶急性感染性心内膜炎、风湿热、化脑、梅毒这些非得用PG的病才会用它了。
(2)对G-G+均有效的广谱青霉素:代表药:美洛西林、哌拉西林、阿莫西林,此类不仅对G+有效,主要抗菌谱是对G-有较强的作用,若加上β内酰胺酶抑制剂则效果更佳:例如哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、哌拉西林/舒巴坦、美洛西林/舒巴坦这些都是好药贵药。进口药哌拉西林/三唑巴坦(即哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、特治星,劲药),对G-、厌氧菌均有强大作用。
2、头孢类及头霉素类
一代:
抗菌谱:G+
常用药:头孢替唑、头孢拉定
二代:
抗菌谱:G+、G-均有不太强的作用。
常用药:针:头孢替安、头孢呋辛;口服:头孢克洛(希刻劳,口服好药)、头孢丙烯
三代:
抗菌谱:G-
常用药:头孢他定、头孢曲松(罗氏芬)、头孢甲肟、头孢地嗪、头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦、
头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(舒普深,进口,劲药)
四代:
抗菌谱:G-比三代好一些,厌氧菌也有效
头孢吡肟(马斯平,劲药)
头孢匹罗:虽是四代,但国产的效果很不怎么样。
头霉素:
头孢美唑(似头孢二代)
噻马灵(拉氧头孢)(似头孢三代,有一个特殊特点是对)
3、喹诺酮类
对各种各样的细菌,包括G-、G+、甚至衣原体、支原体、结核菌均有作用。特点是孕妇、16岁以下禁用。
左氧氟沙星(进口的:可乐必妥,好药)
环丙沙星(西普乐)
依诺沙星(诺佳)
莫西沙星(进口:拜复乐,嘱喹诺酮中最顶级的药)
4、碳青酶烯类
属于抗G-方面最顶级的药,对G -、G+厌氧菌有极强大的作用,并倾向于G -。
泰能(亚胺培南/西司他汀,进口)
美平(美罗培南,进口)
比阿培南
5、β内酰胺酶抑制剂
舒巴坦、他唑巴坦、克拉维酸钾,均需与其他的复合效果才好。
6、大环内酯类
对各种细菌均有用并偏向于G+菌,其亮点是对支原体、衣原体有效,过敏少,不需皮试,可替代PG过敏者。
代表药:阿奇霉素(进口的:希舒美)
7、克林霉素
亮点:对厌氧菌、G+效果好,过敏少,不需皮试。
8、氨基糖苷类
偏向于G-,对厌氧菌无效。特点:有肾、耳毒性,肾功能不全禁用。临床上很少人会喜欢用此类。除非是其他类药均耐药,或药敏示其敏感,偶尔用丁胺卡那。
丁胺卡那(阿米卡星)
链霉素:临床基本只用于抗结核。
9、四环素类
副作用多,临床少用,亮点:对立克次体、支原体、衣原体有效。临床上似乎有且只有恙虫病会用它,也似乎是恙虫病唯一可以选择的药。
强力霉素(多西环素):恙虫病用药
10、万古霉素
对G+有极强的作用。
进口药:稳可信,目前抗G+顶级药物。G+顶级药物还有:利奈唑胺(斯沃)、替考拉宁
11、其他
氨曲南
甲硝唑(灭滴灵)
替硝唑
林可霉素
(三)呼吸内科-肺部感染抗菌药选用举例
因呼吸内科使用抗菌药物最多,故以此为例,抛砖引玉。
1、年轻人社区获得性肺炎
一般是G+或支原体感染,故单用头孢一代或二代,或单用阿奇霉素(不除外有支原体感染时更适合);或单用可乐必妥针(进口左氧氟沙星,偏重时)
2、有基础病的老年人社区获得性肺炎:
最好联合用药尽快控制感染:头孢三代(例如头孢地嗪)+喹诺酮(例如国产左氧氟沙星)或阿奇霉素。
3、有基础病,医院获得性肺炎:
(1)不是很重的,生命体征稳定的:COPD急性加重期很多都属于这个程度的。
三代/β-内+喹;或者广谱青霉素/β-内+喹:例如头孢哌酮/他唑巴坦+国产左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦+国产左氧氟沙星。
(2)严重的:三代/β-内+喹:例如舒普深+拜复乐。或单用泰能或美平。
(3)重症肺炎,合并G+败血症,极重度感染:可美平(美罗培南)或泰能(亚胺培南/西司他汀)+稳可信(进口万古霉素),ICU常用的一个大包围组合。 新抗生素Orbactiv(奥利万星)获FDA批准
来源:生物谷 2014-08-07 15:31
2014年8月7日讯 /生物谷BIOON/ --Medicines公司8月6日宣布,FDA已批准抗生素Orbactiv(oritavancin,奥利万星,IV)注射液,用于由敏感革兰氏阳性菌(包括耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,MRSA)导致的急性细菌性皮肤和皮肤结构感染(ABSSSIs)成人患者的治疗。Orbactiv是FDA批准用于ABSSSIs治疗的首个和唯一一种单剂量治疗方案的抗生素。患者仅接受一次Orbactiv输液,整个治疗方案便已结束。此次Orbactiv的获批,也代表着细菌性皮肤和皮肤结构感染疾病治疗方面远超当前临床标准的重大进步。目前,患者往往需要多次静脉输注抗生素,而Orbactiv单剂量治疗方案,将显著减少患者的剂量负担。
(另附生物谷文章:《NEJM:单一剂量的抗生素奥利万星(Orbactiv)可有效治疗患者的皮肤组织感染》)
Orbactiv的获批,是基于SOLO I和SOLO II研究的数据,这2项研究均为随机、双盲、多中心临床试验,评估了单剂量Orbactiv(1200mg,静脉注射,IV)治疗方案用于1987例ABSSSI患者的治疗,并对记录有MRSA感染的一个大亚组患者(n=405)进行了评估。这些实验证明,仅注射一次Orbactiv(1200mg,IV)与7-10天每天注射2次万古霉素(1g或15mg/kg体重)在主要终点和次要终点均具有非劣性(non-inferiority)。
此前,FDA已授予Orbactiv合格传染病产品(QIDP)资格。QIDP是2012年7月美国《FDA安全与创新法案》(FDA Safety and Innovation Act)下GIAN法案产生的新药特批通道,旨在激励抗生素研发,以应对严重威胁生命的细菌感染。简单地说,QIDP=研究阶段快速通道(fast track)+审批阶段优先审评(priority review)+上市后5年额外市场独占权。
目前,欧洲药品管理局(EMA)正在审查Orbactiv的上市许可申请(MAA),该申请中,Medicines公司寻求批准用于复发皮肤和软组织感染(cSSTI)的治疗。欧盟委员会(EC)预计将于2015年上半年做出最终审查决定。
此次FDA批准Orbactiv,也代表着该公司管线中首个用于耐药菌感染性疾病治疗药物。该公司正在开发横跨革兰氏阳性菌(包括MRSA)和革兰氏阴性菌导致的广泛感染性疾病的解决方案,其新兴的管线产品有望提供创新的抗生素,具有解决当前许多传染病的潜力。
Orbactiv注射液适用于如下革兰氏阳性菌敏感株导致的急性细菌性皮肤和皮肤结构感染(ABSSSIs)成人患者的治疗,包括:金黄色葡萄球菌(包括甲氧西林敏感和甲氧西林耐药菌株)、化脓性链球菌、无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌、咽峡炎链球菌群(包括S. anginosus、S. intermedius和S. constellatus)和粪肠球菌(仅万古霉素敏感株)。(生物谷Bioon.com)
英文原文:FDA Approves The Medicines Company's ORBACTIV™ (oritavancin) for Use in Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections
First and Only Single Dose Antibiotic for the Treatment of Skin Infections Caused by Susceptible Designated Gram-positive Bacteria
ORBACTIV™U.S. Launch Expected in 2H/2014
PARSIPPANY, N.J.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The Medicines Company (NASDAQ:MDCO) today announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved ORBACTIV™ (oritavancin) for injection for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs) caused by susceptible designated Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). ORBACTIV is the first and only antibiotic approved by FDA to treat ABSSSIs with a single, once-only administration. Once fully infused over three hours, the ORBACTIV treatment regimen is complete for patients with skin infections caused by susceptible Gram-positive pathogens.
“Today’s FDA approval of ORBACTIV represents an important advance beyond the current standard of care for bacterial skin and skin structure infections,” said Clive Meanwell, MD, PhD, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of The Medicines Company. “This approval is also a significant milestone for The Medicines Company as we continue to develop our infectious disease care portfolio. We are committed to addressing the complex problems associated with multi-drug resistant infections.”
ORBACTIV approval is based on the results of the SOLO I and SOLO II clinical studies which were randomized, double-blind, multicenter trials that evaluated a single 1200 mg IV dose of ORBACTIV for the treatment of ABSSSI in 1,987 patients, and assessed a large subset of patients with documented MRSA infection (405 patients). These trials demonstrated non-inferiority for the primary and secondary endpoints evaluating 1200 mg once-only IV ORBACTIV dose infusion, versus 7-to-10 days of twice-daily vancomycin (1 g or 15 mg/kg).
“ORBACTIV given as a single dose treatment is a welcome new development for the treatment of skin infections,” said G. Ralph Corey, MD, Professor of Medicine and Infectious Diseases at Duke University. “With a single dose treatment regimen ORBACTIV may help reduce the dosing burden seen with antibiotics given as multiple intravenous administrations to patients with these infections.”
“The growing challenge of antibiotic resistance in the U.S. has had a significant impact on the clinical management decisions in the emergency department,” said Charles Pollack, MD, Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital and Professor of Emergency Medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. “A single, once-only IV therapy such as ORBACTIV offers the option to administer a single treatment in the outpatient setting for patients with skin infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria likely due to MRSA.”
ORBACTIV was designated as a Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) under the Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now (GAIN) Act of 2012. The QIDP designation qualifies ORBACTIV for certain incentives related to the development of new antibiotics, including a five-year extension of any non-patent exclusivity period awarded to the drug.
The European Medicines Agency has accepted for review the Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) for ORBACTIV, for which the company is seeking approval for the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTI). A decision from the European Commission is expected during the first half of 2015.
The FDA approval of ORBACTIV represents the first infectious disease treatment in The Medicines Company’s product pipeline to address infections caused by resistant strains of bacteria. The Medicines Company is developing solutions that span the spectrum of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA, and Gram-negative infections. The Medicines Company’s emerging product pipeline has the potential to offer innovative new antibiotic approaches to tackle many of the problems in infectious diseases today.
About ORBACTIV
Indication
ORBACTIV™ (Oritavancin) for injection is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI) caused by susceptible isolates of the following Gram-positive microorganisms:
Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-susceptible and methicillin–resistant isolates), Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus anginosus group (includes S. anginosus, S. intermedius, and S. constellatus), and Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin-susceptible isolates only). 学习,感谢分享。 父亲肺腺癌骨转,目前检查白细胞,c反应蛋白高,检查肺部,肾,脾ct,未发现异常,腿部因为之前肿胀有红块,另有甲沟炎,医生怀疑是腿部感染,医生让用了三天青霉素,昨天检查结果还是高,担心,求建议!!! 木鱼贝儿~ 发表于 2015-1-7 10:22 父亲肺腺癌骨转,目前检查白细胞,c反应蛋白高,检查肺部,肾,脾ct,未发现异常,腿部因为之前肿胀有红块 ...
肺部感染会引起胸腔积液吗? 楼主辛苦,信息量太大,收藏参考备用
至于感染后的用药,只能是以医生为主的
只能 尽量注意,感染后真的很麻烦
强大,谢谢分享 如何检测是什么菌类呢
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